@hebcal/core
    Preparing search index...

    Class Zmanim

    Calculate halachic times (zmanim / זְמַנִּים) for a given day and location. Calculations are available for tzeit / tzais (nightfall), shkiah (sunset) and more.

    Zmanim are estimated using an algorithm published by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The NOAA solar calculator is based on equations from Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus.

    The sunrise and sunset results are theoretically accurate to within a minute for locations between +/- 72° latitude, and within 10 minutes outside of those latitudes. However, due to variations in atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure and conditions, observed values may vary from calculations. https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/calcdetails.html

    const {GeoLocation, Zmanim} = require('@hebcal/core');
    const latitude = 41.822232;
    const longitude = -71.448292;
    const tzid = 'America/New_York';
    const friday = new Date(2023, 8, 8);
    const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, tzid);
    const zmanim = new Zmanim(gloc, friday, false);
    const candleLighting = zmanim.sunsetOffset(-18, true);
    const timeStr = Zmanim.formatISOWithTimeZone(tzid, candleLighting);
    Index

    Constructors

    constructor

    Methods

    alosBaalHatanya alotHaShachar alotHaShachar72 alotHaShachar72zdt beinHaShmashos chatzot chatzotNight dawn dusk getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos getTchilasZmanKidushLevana3Days getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days getUseElevation getZmanMolad gregEve minchaGedola minchaGedolaBaalHatanya minchaGedolaMGA minchaKetana minchaKetanaBaalHatanya minchaKetanaMGA misheyakir misheyakirMachmir neitzHaChama plagHaMincha plagHaminchaBaalHatanya seaLevelSunrise seaLevelSunset setUseElevation shkiah sofZmanBiurChametzGRA sofZmanShma sofZmanShmaBaalHatanya sofZmanShmaMGA sofZmanShmaMGA16Point1 sofZmanShmaMGA19Point8 sofZmanTfilaBaalHatanya sofZmanTfilla sofZmanTfillaMGA sofZmanTfillaMGA16Point1 sofZmanTfillaMGA19Point8 sunrise sunriseOffset sunset sunsetOffset timeAtAngle tzaisBaalHatanya tzeit tzeit72 formatISOWithTimeZone formatTime makeSunsetAwareHDate roundTime timeZoneOffset

    Constructors

    • Initialize a Zmanim instance.

      Parameters

      • gloc: GeoLocation

        GeoLocation including latitude, longitude, and timezone

      • date: HDate | Date

        Regular or Hebrew Date. If date is a regular Date, hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds are ignored.

      • useElevation: boolean

        use elevation for calculations (default false). If true, use elevation to affect the calculation of all sunrise/sunset based zmanim. Note: there are some zmanim such as degree-based zmanim that are driven by the amount of light in the sky and are not impacted by elevation. These zmanim intentionally do not support elevation adjustment.

      Returns Zmanim

    Methods

    • Returns the Baal Hatanya's alos (dawn) calculated as the time when the sun is 16.9° below the eastern GEOMETRIC_ZENITH geometric horizon before getSunrise() sunrise.

      The zenith of 16.9° below is based on the calculation that the time between dawn and netz amiti (sunrise) is 72 minutes, the time that is takes to walk 4 mil at 18 minutes a mil (Rambam and others). The sun's position at 72 minutes before getSunriseBaalHatanya netz amiti (sunrise) in Jerusalem <a href=../media/src "https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/">around the equinox / equilux is 16.9° below GEOMETRIC_ZENITH geometric zenith.

      Returns Date

      The Date of dawn. If the calculation can't be computed such as northern and southern locations even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun may not reach low enough below the horizon for this calculation, a null will be returned.

    • Dawn – Alot haShachar; Sun is 16.1° below the horizon in the morning. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Dawn – Alot haShachar; calculated as 72 minutes before sunrise or sea level sunrise.

      Returns Date

    • Returns ZonedDateTime | null

    • Rabbeinu Tam holds that bein hashmashos is a specific time between sunset and tzeis hakochavim. One opinion on how to calculate this time is that it is 13.5 minutes before tzies 7.083. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Midday – Chatzot; Sunrise plus 6 halachic hours

      Returns Date

    • Midnight – Chatzot; Sunset plus 6 halachic hours. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Civil dawn; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the morning. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Civil dusk; Sun is 6° below the horizon in the evening. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Returns the latest time of Kiddush Levana calculated as 15 days after the molad. This is the opinion of the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 426). It should be noted that some opinions hold that the Rema who brings down the opinion of the Maharil's of calculating half way between molad and molad is of the opinion that the Mechaber agrees to his opinion. Also see the Aruch Hashulchan. For additional details on the subject, See Rabbi Dovid Heber's very detailed write-up in Siman Daled (chapter 4) of Shaarei Zmanim. The sof zman Kiddush Levana will be returned even if it occurs during the day. To limit the time to between tzais and alos, see getSofZmanKidushLevana15Days.

      Parameters

      • alos: ZonedDateTime | null = null
      • tzais: ZonedDateTime | null = null

      Returns ZonedDateTime | null

      the Date representing the moment 15 days after the molad. If the time occurs between alos and tzais, alos will be returned. If the zman will not occur on this day, a null will be returned.

    • Returns the latest time of Kiddush Levana according to the Maharil's opinion that it is calculated as halfway between molad and molad. This adds half the 29 days, 12 hours and 793 chalakim time between molad and molad (14 days, 18 hours, 22 minutes and 666 milliseconds) to the month's molad. The sof zman Kiddush Levana will be returned even if it occurs during the day. To limit the time to between tzais and alos, see getSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldos.

      Parameters

      • alos: ZonedDateTime | null = null

        the beginning of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at tzais), the time returned will be alos. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.

      • tzais: ZonedDateTime | null = null

        the end of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at tzais), the time returned will be alos. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.

      Returns ZonedDateTime | null

      the Date representing the moment halfway between molad and molad. If the time occurs between alos and tzais, alos will be returned. If the zman will not occur on this day, a null will be returned.

    • Returns the earliest time of Kiddush Levana according to <a href=../media/src "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi">Rabbeinu Yonah's opinion that it can be said 3 days after the molad. If the time of tchilas zman Kiddush Levana occurs during the day (between alos and tzais passed to this method) it will return the following tzais. If null is passed for either alos or tzais, the actual tchilas zman Kiddush Levana will be returned, regardless of if it is during the day or not.

      Parameters

      • alos: ZonedDateTime | null = null

        the beginning of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at tzais), the time returned will be tzais. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.

      • tzais: ZonedDateTime | null = null

        the end of the Jewish day. If Kidush Levana occurs during the day (starting at alos and ending at tzais), the time returned will be tzais. If either the alos or tzais parameters are null, no daytime adjustment will be made.

      Returns ZonedDateTime | null

      the Date representing the moment 3 days after the molad. If the time occurs between alos and tzais, tzais will be returned. If the zman will not occur on this day, a null will be returned.

    • Returns the earliest time of Kiddush Levana according to the opinions that it should not be said until 7 days after the molad. The time will be returned even if it occurs during the day when Kiddush Levana can't be recited. Use getTchilasZmanKidushLevana7Days if you want to limit the time to night hours.

      Parameters

      • alos: ZonedDateTime | null = null
      • tzais: ZonedDateTime | null = null

      Returns ZonedDateTime | null

      the Date representing the moment 7 days after the molad regardless of it is day or night. If the zman will not occur on this day, a null will be returned.

    • Returns true if elevation adjustment is enabled for zmanim support elevation adjustment

      Returns boolean

    • Returns the point in time of Molad as a Date Object. For the traditional day of week, hour, minute and chalakim, () and the not yet completed HebrewDateFormatter that will have formatting for this.

      Returns ZonedDateTime | null

      the Date representing the moment of the molad. If the molad does not occur on this day, a null will be returned.

    • Returns sunset for the previous day. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (GRA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      This method returns the latest mincha gedola, the earliest time one can pray mincha that is 6.5 shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise (depending on the useElevation setting), according to the GRA.

      The Ramba"m is of the opinion that it is better to delay mincha until mincha ketana while the Ra"sh, Tur, GRA and others are of the opinion that mincha can be prayed lechatchila starting at mincha gedola.

      Returns Date

    • This method returns the time of mincha gedola. Mincha gedola is the earliest time one can pray mincha. The Rambam is of the opinion that it is better to delay mincha until () mincha ketana while the Ra"sh, Tur, <a href=../media/src "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon">GRA and others are of the opinion that mincha can be prayed lechatchila starting at mincha gedola. This is calculated as 6.5 getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya() sea level solar hours after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti (sunrise). This calculation is based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 6.5

      • getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya() after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti ("real" sunrise).

      Returns Date

      the Date of the time of mincha gedola according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • Earliest Mincha – Mincha Gedola (MGA); Sunrise plus 6.5 halachic hours. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      This method returns the time of mincha gedola according to the Magen Avraham with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset. This is the earliest time to pray mincha.

      Returns Date

    • Preferable earliest time to recite Minchah – Mincha Ketana; Sunrise plus 9.5 halachic hours. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      This method returns mincha ketana, the preferred earliest time to pray mincha in the opinion of the Rambam and others, that is 9.5 shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise (depending on the useElevation setting), according to the GRA.

      Returns Date

    • This method returns the time of mincha ketana. This is the preferred earliest time to pray mincha in the opinion of the Rambam and others. For more information on this see the documentation on () mincha gedola. This is calculated as 9.5 sea level solar hours after getSunriseBaalHatanya netz amiti (sunrise). This calculation is calculated based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 9.5 * after netz amiti (sunrise).

      Returns Date

      the Date of the time of mincha ketana. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • This method returns the time of mincha ketana according to the Magen Avraham with the day starting 72 minutes before sunrise and ending 72 minutes after sunset. This is the preferred earliest time to pray mincha according to the opinion of the Rambam and others.

      If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir; Sun is 11.5° below the horizon in the morning. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Earliest talis & tefillin – Misheyakir Machmir; Sun is 10.2° below the horizon in the morning. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Plag haMincha; Sunrise plus 10.75 halachic hours. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • This method returns the time of plag hamincha. This is calculated as 10.75 hours after sunrise. This calculation is based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 10.75 * getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya() after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti (sunrise).

      Returns Date

      the Date of the time of plag hamincha. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon). This function does not support elevation adjustment.

      Returns Date

    • When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon). This function does not support elevation adjustment.

      Returns Date

    • Enables or disables elevation adjustment for zmanim support elevation adjustment

      Parameters

      • useElevation: boolean

      Returns void

    • This method returns the latest time for burning chametz on Erev Pesach according to the opinion of the GRA. This time is 5 hours into the day based on the opinion of the GRA that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 5 * #getShaahZmanisGra() after #getSeaLevelSunrise() sea level sunrise.

      Returns Date

      the Date of the latest time for burning chametz on Erev Pesach. If it is not erev Pesach or the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • Latest Shema (Gra); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to the Gra. If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • This method returns the latest zman krias shema (time to recite Shema in the morning). This time is 3 shaahZmanisBaalHatanya() shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti (sunrise) based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 3 * getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya() after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti (sunrise).

      Returns Date

      the Date of the latest zman shema according to the Baal Hatanya. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham. Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from dawn being fixed 72 minutes before sea-level sunrise, and nightfall is fixed 72 minutes after sea-level sunset.

      Returns Date

    • Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham. Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.

      Returns Date

    • Latest Shema (MGA); Sunrise plus 3 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham. Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.

      This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith. https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/

      Returns Date

    • This method returns the latest zman tfilah (time to recite the morning prayers). This time is 4 hours into the day based on the opinion of the Baal Hatanya that the day is calculated from sunrise to sunset. This returns the time 4 * getShaahZmanisBaalHatanya() after getSunriseBaalHatanya() netz amiti (sunrise).

      Returns Date

      the Date of the latest zman tfilah. If the calculation can't be computed such as in the Arctic Circle where there is at least one day a year where the sun does not rise, and one where it does not set, a null will be returned.

    • Latest Shacharit (Gra); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to the Gra.

      This method returns the latest zman tfila (time to recite shema in the morning) that is 4 shaos zmaniyos (solar hours) after sunrise or sea level sunrise (depending on the useElevation setting), according to the GRA.

      If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham

      Returns Date

    • Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham. Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from dawn to nightfall with both being 16.1° below the horizon.

      Returns Date

    • Latest Shacharit (MGA); Sunrise plus 4 halachic hours, according to Magen Avraham. Based on the opinion of the MGA that the day is calculated from dawn to nightfall with both being 19.8° below the horizon.

      This calculation is based on the position of the sun 90 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem around the equinox / equilux which calculates to 19.8° below geometric zenith. https://kosherjava.com/2022/01/12/equinox-vs-equilux-zmanim-calculations/

      Returns Date

    • Upper edge of the Sun appears over the eastern horizon in the morning (0.833° above horizon) If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Returns sunrise + offset minutes (either positive or negative). If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation unless forceSeaLevel is true.

      Parameters

      • offset: number

        minutes

      • roundMinute: boolean = true

        round time to nearest minute (default true)

      • forceSeaLevel: boolean = false

        use sea-level sunrise (default false)

      Returns Date

    • When the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon (0.833° below horizon). If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation.

      Returns Date

    • Returns sunset + offset minutes (either positive or negative). If elevation is enabled, this function will include elevation in the calculation unless forceSeaLevel is true.

      Parameters

      • offset: number

        minutes

      • roundMinute: boolean = true

        round time to nearest minute (default true)

      • forceSeaLevel: boolean = false

        use sea-level sunset (default false)

      Returns Date

    • Convenience function to get the time when sun is above or below the horizon for a certain angle (in degrees). This function does not support elevation adjustment.

      Parameters

      • angle: number
      • rising: boolean

      Returns Date

    • A method that returns tzais (nightfall) when the sun is 6° below the western geometric horizon (90°) after getSunset() sunset. For information on the source of this calculation see ZENITH_6_DEGREES.

      Returns Date

      The Date of nightfall. If the calculation can't be computed such as northern and southern locations even south of the Arctic Circle and north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun may not reach low enough below the horizon for this calculation, a null will be returned. *

      ZENITH_6_DEGREES

    • Parameters

      • Optionalangle: number = 8.5

        optional time for solar depression. Default is 8.5 degrees for 3 small stars, use 7.083 degrees for 3 medium-sized stars. Because degree-based functions estimate the amount of light in the sky, the result is not impacted by elevation.

      Returns Date

    • Returns ZonedDateTime | null

    • Returns a string like "2022-04-01T13:06:00-11:00"

      Parameters

      • tzid: string
      • date: Date

      Returns string

    • Uses timeFormat to return a date like '20:34'. Returns XX:XX if the date is invalid.

      Parameters

      • dt: Date
      • timeFormat: DateTimeFormat

      Returns string

    • Returns the Hebrew date relative to the specified location and Gregorian date, taking into consideration whether the time is before or after sunset.

      For example, if the given date and is 2024-09-22T10:35 (before sunset), and sunset for the specified location is 19:04, then this function would return a Hebrew date of 19th of Elul, 5784. If the given date is the same Gregorian day after sunset (for example 2024-09-22T20:07), this function would return a Hebrew date of 20th of Elul, 5784.

      Parameters

      Returns HDate

      const {GeoLocation, Zmanim, HDate} = require('@hebcal/core');
      const latitude = 48.85341;
      const longitude = 2.3488;
      const timezone = 'Europe/Paris';
      const gloc = new GeoLocation(null, latitude, longitude, 0, timezone);
      const before = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T17:38:46.123Z'), false);
      console.log(before.toString()); // '19 Elul 5784'
      const after = Zmanim.makeSunsetAwareHDate(gloc, new Date('2024-09-22T23:45:18.345Z'), false);
      console.log(after.toString()); // '20 Elul 5784'

    • Discards seconds, rounding to nearest minute.

      Parameters

      • dt: Date

      Returns Date

    • Get offset string (like "+05:00" or "-08:00") from tzid (like "Europe/Moscow")

      Parameters

      • tzid: string
      • date: Date

      Returns string

    Settings

    Member Visibility

    On This Page

    Constructors
    Methods
    alosBaalHatanyaalotHaShacharalotHaShachar72alotHaShachar72zdtbeinHaShmashoschatzotchatzotNightdawnduskgetSofZmanKidushLevana15DaysgetSofZmanKidushLevanaBetweenMoldosgetTchilasZmanKidushLevana3DaysgetTchilasZmanKidushLevana7DaysgetUseElevationgetZmanMoladgregEveminchaGedolaminchaGedolaBaalHatanyaminchaGedolaMGAminchaKetanaminchaKetanaBaalHatanyaminchaKetanaMGAmisheyakirmisheyakirMachmirneitzHaChamaplagHaMinchaplagHaminchaBaalHatanyaseaLevelSunriseseaLevelSunsetsetUseElevationshkiahsofZmanBiurChametzGRAsofZmanShmasofZmanShmaBaalHatanyasofZmanShmaMGAsofZmanShmaMGA16Point1sofZmanShmaMGA19Point8sofZmanTfilaBaalHatanyasofZmanTfillasofZmanTfillaMGAsofZmanTfillaMGA16Point1sofZmanTfillaMGA19Point8sunrisesunriseOffsetsunsetsunsetOffsettimeAtAngletzaisBaalHatanyatzeittzeit72formatISOWithTimeZoneformatTimemakeSunsetAwareHDateroundTimetimeZoneOffset